Review on Real Time Monitoring of Battery Parameters and Power Auto Cutoff Feature in an EV Using BMS

Abstract

This study presents the development of a cost-effective Automatic Fire Safety System for Electric Vehicles (EVs) to address increasing fire hazards caused by battery malfunctions, overheating, and short circuits. The proposed system integrates real-time monitoring of battery temperature, voltage, and current through dedicated sensors, displaying live data on an LCD screen to keep the driver informed of the EV’s safety status. When abnormal temperature rises or electrical fluctuations are detected, an automatic power cutoff mechanism is activated to prevent overheating and fire outbreaks. Additionally, a buzzer system provides immediate alerts to occupants, enabling proactive response. By ensuring continuous monitoring and automatic disconnection during unsafe conditions, this system significantly enhances EV safety, minimizes the risk of fire-related incidents, and reduces financial losses. The proposed solution bridges the gap in conventional fire safety measures, offering an automated, smart, and efficient approach to safeguard EVs, their passengers, and surrounding traffic participants.

Introduction

This study proposes a cost-effective Automatic Fire Safety System for Electric Vehicles (EVs) designed to prevent battery-related fire incidents caused by overheating, short circuits, and thermal runaway. The system uses temperature, voltage, and current sensors to monitor battery health in real time. All data is displayed on an LCD screen, keeping the driver constantly informed.

When abnormal temperature rise or electrical fluctuations occur, the system activates an automatic power cutoff to isolate the battery and stop further heating. A buzzer alert warns occupants immediately, enabling timely action and preventing fire outbreaks. This proactive approach improves safety compared to traditional fire extinguishers or manual detection, which often respond too late.

EV batteries, especially lithium-ion types, are highly sensitive to extreme conditions, and even minor delays in response can lead to thermal runaway. Existing fire safety systems focus mainly on suppression and lack real-time monitoring, automation, or driver alerts. Literature strongly supports preventive measures using sensors, auto cutoff circuits, and early warning mechanisms to reduce risks.

The research identifies gaps in current systems, including the absence of integrated monitoring, automatic disconnection, cost-effective solutions, and real-time driver awareness. The proposed methodology focuses on system design, sensor-based data collection, threshold setting, simulation, and validation under abnormal conditions.

The study concludes that an integrated system combining continuous monitoring, automatic cutoff, real-time LCD updates, and buzzer alerts significantly enhances EV safety. It offers a low-cost, reliable, preventive solution suitable for commercial EVs, public transport, charging stations, and industrial electric vehicles. This development strengthens public trust in EV technology and supports safer, more sustainable electric mobility.

Conclusion

The review highlights the growing concern of fire hazards in electric vehicles (EVs), primarily caused by battery overheating, short circuits, and malfunctions. Existing studies have proposed several approaches, such as thermal management, fire suppression techniques, and automatic cutoff mechanisms, but many solutions remain either reactive, costly, or lack real-time monitoring. The literature clearly demonstrates that continuous tracking of battery parameters like temperature, voltage, and current is essential for early fault detection and prevention. Furthermore, integrating real-time alerts, auto power cutoff, and display systems offers a more reliable and proactive approach to EV fire safety. Despite progress, research gaps exist in terms of cost-effective integration, scalability, and practical deployment. This review concludes that the development of an automatic, real-time monitoring and fire protection system is a promising solution to minimize fire incidents, safeguard occupants, and improve overall EV safety, contributing to sustainable and secure transportation.

References

[1] V. Sharma and P. Nair, “Battery safety challenges in electric vehicles: A review on fire hazards,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 25, pp. 101–112, 2019. [2] R. Kumar and A. Singh, “Thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries: Causes and safety strategies,” International Journal of Electrical and Power Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 56–63, 2020. [3] M. Patel and S. Reddy, “Real-time monitoring of EV batteries using IoT-enabled sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Vehicles, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 214–223, 2021. [4] J. Thomas and R. Banerjee, “Automatic fire suppression systems in electric vehicles,” International Journal of Automotive Safety Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 44–52, 2018. [5] A. Mehta and D. Kulkarni, “Low-cost fire protection solutions for electric vehicles,” Renewable Energy and Transport Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 89–97, 2021. [6] S. Choudhary and P. Verma, “Design of auto cutoff relay systems for EV fire safety,” Journal of Electrical Systems and Applications, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 210–219, 2022. [7] H. Iqbal and A. Farooq, “Smart EV safety systems using microcontrollers,” International Journal of Embedded Systems, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 133–141, 2019. [8] K. Deshmukh and L. Rao, “Comparative study of battery monitoring techniques for electric vehicles,” Journal of Transportation Electrification, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 201–209, 2020. [9] T. Banerjee and R. Joshi, “Integration of fire alarms and monitoring in EV safety systems,” International Journal of Vehicle Safety, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 76–85, 2021. [10] G. Prasad and S. Kaur, “Emerging approaches to real-time safety in electric vehicles,” Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 34–43, 2022. [11] Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, and X. Wang, “Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles: A Review,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 1234–1248, 2022. [12] H. Wang and L. Chen, “Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning of Lithium-Ion Battery Fires in Electric Vehicles,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 509, pp. 230–239, 2021. [13] R. Kumar and A. Patel, “Automatic Fire Detection and Suppression Systems for Electric Vehicles: A Review,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 45678–45690, 2023. [14] J. Li, M. Sun, and L. Zhao, “A Review on Fire Safety Issues of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 279, pp. 123987, 2021. [15] M. Ahmed, S. Rahman, and A. Khan, “Development of IoT-Based Real-Time Battery Monitoring System for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1890–1900, 2023. [16] K. Choi and J. Lee, “A Smart Fire Detection and Response System for Electric Vehicles Using Embedded Sensors,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 5120, 2022. [17] S. Manoharan, P. Rajendran, and M. Sivakumar, “A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Management Strategies for Electric Vehicle Batteries,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 54321–54340, 2022. [18] Y. Chen, H. Xu, and D. Li, “Design and Implementation of a Smart Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 3560–3571, Apr. 2022. [19] T. Nguyen and J. Park, “Advanced Battery Fault Diagnosis and Fire Prevention in Electric Vehicles: A Machine Learning Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 145–156, Mar. 2022. [20] A. Sharma and R. Singh, “Safety Challenges and Fire Suppression Techniques in Electric Vehicles: An Overview,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 156, p. 111987, 2022

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Dr. Dinesh Wankhede, Laxmichand Bopche, Nairutya Mankar, Avidas Hejib, Nupur Bokade, Shweta Shahare. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.